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Ruby - Wikipedia. A ruby is a pink to blood- red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineralcorundum (aluminium oxide). Other varieties of gem- quality corundum are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, together with amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium.
The quality of a ruby is determined by its color, cut, and clarity, which, along with carat weight, affect its value. The brightest and most valuable shade of red called blood- red or pigeon blood, commands a large premium over other rubies of similar quality. After color follows clarity: similar to diamonds, a clear stone will command a premium, but a ruby without any needle- like rutileinclusions may indicate that the stone has been treated. Ruby is the traditional birthstone for July and is usually more pink than garnet, although some rhodolite garnets have a similar pinkish hue to most rubies. The world's most expensive ruby is the Sunrise Ruby.
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Physical properties. Crystal structure of rubies. Rubies have a hardness of 9.
Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Among the natural gems only moissanite and diamond are harder, with diamond having a Mohs hardness of 1. Sapphire, ruby, and pure corundum are .
However, the Cr. 3+ ions are larger and have electron orbitals in different directions than aluminum. The octahedral arrangement of the O2.
A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires.
Note the two broad violet and yellow- green absorption bands and one narrow absorption band at the wavelength of 6. If one percent of the aluminum ions are replaced by chromium in ruby, the yellow- green absorption results in a red color for the gem. If 6. 94- nanometer photons pass through the crystal during that time, they can stimulate more fluorescent photons to be emitted in- phase with them, thus strengthening the intensity of that red light. By arranging mirrors or other means to pass emitted light repeatedly through the crystal, a ruby laser in this way produces a very high intensity of coherent red light.
All natural rubies have imperfections in them, including color impurities and inclusions of rutile needles known as . Gemologists use these needle inclusions found in natural rubies to distinguish them from synthetics, simulants, or substitutes. Usually, the rough stone is heated before cutting. These days, almost all rubies are treated in some form, with heat treatment being the most common practice. Untreated rubies of high quality command a large premium.
Some rubies show a three- point or six- point asterism or . These rubies are cut into cabochons to display the effect properly. Asterisms are best visible with a single- light source and move across the stone as the light moves or the stone is rotated. Such effects occur when light is reflected off the . This is one example where inclusions increase the value of a gemstone. Furthermore, rubies can show color changes—though this occurs very rarely—as well as chatoyancy or the . Often, the distinction between ruby and pink sapphire is not clear and can be debated.
That region has produced some very fine rubies, but in recent years few good rubies have been found there. In central Myanmar, the area of Mong Hsu began producing rubies during the 1. The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya (Namyazeik) located in the northern state of Kachin. Historically, rubies have also been mined in Thailand, in the Pailin and Samlout District of Cambodia, as well as in Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, India, Namibia, Japan, and Scotland; after the Second World War ruby deposits were found in Madagascar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam. Republic of Macedonia is the only country in mainland Europe to have naturally occurring rubies. They can mainly be found around the city of Prilep.
Macedonian ruby has a unique raspberry color. The ruby is also included on the Macedonian Coat of Arms. Red spinel may be mistaken for ruby by those lacking experience with gems. However, the finest red spinels can have a value approaching that of the average ruby. Rubies are also evaluated on the basis of their geographic origin. Color: In the evaluation of colored gemstones, color is the most important factor.
Color divides into three components: hue, saturation and tone. Hue refers to color as we normally use the term. Transparent gemstones occur in the pure spectral hues of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet. Ruby is defined to be red.
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All other hues of the gem species corundum are called sapphire. Ruby may exhibit a range of secondary hues, including orange, purple, violet, and pink. A naturally occurring ruby crystal.
Natural ruby with inclusions. Rubies set in jewelry. A cut pink ruby. The finest ruby is described as being a vivid medium- dark toned red. Secondary hues add an additional complication.
Pink, orange, and purple are the normal secondary hues in ruby. Of the three, purple is preferred because it reinforces the red, making it appear richer.
Watch Five Dead, Eight Hurt After Gunman Opens Fire In Florida U.S.A. Airport online in english in QHD 21:9 here. When a purplish- red ruby is set in yellow, the yellow neutralizes its complement blue, leaving the stone appearing to be pure red in the setting. Some treatments are used in almost all cases and are therefore considered acceptable. During the late 1. Improvements used include color alteration, improving transparency by dissolving rutile inclusions, healing of fractures (cracks) or even completely filling them. The most common treatment is the application of heat. Most rubies at the lower end of the market are heat treated to improve color, remove purple tinge, blue patches, and silk. These heat treatments typically occur around temperatures of 1.
Paradise 2016 movie online in english with english subtitles in 2160 16:9 more. The silk is partially broken, and the color is improved. Another treatment, which has become more frequent in recent years, is lead glass filling. Filling the fractures inside the ruby with lead glass (or a similar material) dramatically improves the transparency of the stone, making previously unsuitable rubies fit for applications in jewelry. The heating process eradicates impurities inside the fractures. Although this can be done at temperatures up to 1. Different solutions and mixes have shown to be successful, however mostly lead- containing glass- powder is used at present.
The ruby is dipped into oils, then covered with powder, embedded on a tile and placed in the oven where it is heated at around 9. The orange colored powder transforms upon heating into a transparent to yellow- colored paste, which fills all fractures. After cooling the color of the paste is fully transparent and dramatically improves the overall transparency of the ruby. In 1. 84. 7, Ebelmen made white sapphire by fusing alumina in boric acid.
In 1. 87. 7, Frenic and Freil made crystal corundum from which small stones could be cut. Frimy and Auguste Verneuil manufactured artificial ruby by fusing Ba. F2 and Al. 2O3 with a little chromium at red heat. In 1. 90. 3, Verneuil announced he could produce synthetic rubies on a commercial scale using this flame fusion process. Most synthetic rubies originate from flame fusion, due to the low costs involved.
Synthetic rubies may have no imperfections visible to the naked eye but magnification may reveal curves, striae and gas bubbles. The fewer the number and the less obvious the imperfections, the more valuable the ruby is; unless there are no imperfections (i. Dopants are added to some manufactured rubies so they can be identified as synthetic, but most need gemological testing to determine their origin. Synthetic rubies have technological uses as well as gemological ones. Rods of synthetic ruby are used to make ruby lasers and masers. The first working laser was made by Theodore H.
Ruby lasers are still in use. Rubies are also used in applications where high hardness is required such as at wear exposed locations in modern mechanical clockworks, or as scanning probe tips in a coordinate measuring machine. Imitation rubies are also marketed. Red spinels, red garnets, and colored glass have been falsely claimed to be rubies.
Imitations go back to Roman times and already in the 1. Such terms are therefore discouraged from use by many gemological associations such as the Laboratory Manual Harmonisation Committee (LMHC). Records and famous rubies. The Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D. C. The 2. 3. 1 carats (4.
Burmese ruby, set in a platinum ring with diamonds, was donated by businessman and philanthropist Peter Buck in memory of his late wife Carmen L. This gemstone displays a richly saturated red color combined with an exceptional transparency. The finely proportioned cut provides vivid red reflections.
The stone was mined from the Mogok region of Burma (now Myanmar) in the 1. Several ruby- set pieces were included in the sale, notably a ring set with an 8. It was stolen in a heist in 2. In May 2. 01. 5, it sold at auction in Switzerland to an anonymous buyer for US$3.
Maiman's prototype laser is still in working order. Historical and cultural references. In Job 2. 8: 1. 8 and Proverbs 3: 1. In Proverbs 3. 1: 1. An early recorded transport and trading of rubies arises in the literature on the North Silk Road of China, wherein about 2. BC rubies were carried along this ancient trackway moving westward from China. They were used to ornament armor, scabbards, and harnesses of noblemen in India and China.
Rubies were laid beneath the foundation of buildings to secure good fortune to the structure. Retrieved 2. 8 Mar 2. Butterworth- Heinemann. Retrieved 3. 0 March 2. Minerals: their constitution and origin.
Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press. Secrets Of The Gem Trade, The Connoisseur's Guide To Precious Gemstones. Brunswick House Press. Bangkok, Thailand: Gemlab Inc. Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences Gem Testing Laboratory. February 2. 00. 5^Richard W.
Hughes (1. 99. 7), Ruby & Sapphire, Boulder, CO, RWH Publishing, ISBN 9. Milisenda, C C (2. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft (in German). Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft.
Gemological Institute of America. Bibcode: 1. 96. 0Natur.
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