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Soap - Wikipedia. A collection of decorative soaps, as often found in hotels.

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Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of sodium stearate, a typical soap. In chemistry, a soap is a salt of a fatty acid. In industry they are also used in textile spinning. Metal soaps are also included in modern artists' oil paints formulations as a rheology modifier. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids attach to a single molecule of glycerol. The glycerin, a useful byproduct, can remain in the soap product as a softening agent, or be isolated for other uses.

Such soaps are also used as thickeners to increase the viscosity of oils. In ancient times, lubricating greases were made by the addition of lime to olive oil. For example: oil/fat is insoluble in water, but when a couple of drops of dish soap are added to the mixture, the oil/fat dissolves in the water.

The insoluble oil/fat molecules become associated inside micelles, tiny spheres formed from soap molecules with polar hydrophilic (water- attracting) groups on the outside and encasing a lipophilic (fat- attracting) pocket, which shields the oil/fat molecules from the water making it soluble. Anything that is soluble will be washed away with the water. Effect of the alkali. Sodium soaps, prepared from sodium hydroxide, are firm, whereas potassium soaps, derived from potassium hydroxide, are softer or often liquid. Historically, potassium hydroxide was extracted from the ashes of bracken or other plants. Lithium soaps also tend to be hard—these are used exclusively in greases. Effects of fats. Traditionally they have been made from triglycerides (oils and fats).

Tallow, i. e., rendered beef fat, is the most available triglyceride from animals. Its saponified product is called sodium tallowate. Typical vegetable oils used in soap making are palm oil, coconut oil, olive oil, and laurel oil. Each species offers quite different fatty acid content and hence, results in soaps of distinct feel. The seed oils give softer but milder soaps. Soap made from pure olive oil is sometimes called Castile soap or Marseille soap, and is reputed for being extra mild.

Egyptian documents mention a soap- like substance was used in the preparation of wool for weaving. The Gauls used soap made from animal fat. A popular belief claims soap takes its name from a supposed Mount Sapo, where animal sacrifices were supposed to have taken place; tallow from these sacrifices would then have mixed with ashes from fires associated with these sacrifices and with water to produce soap, but there is no evidence of a Mount Sapo in the Roman world and no evidence for the apocryphal story. The Latin word sapo simply means . The use of soap for personal cleanliness became increasingly common in the 2nd century A. D. According to Galen, the best soaps were Germanic, and soaps from Gaul were second best. This is a reference to true soap in antiquity.

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True soap, made of animal fat, did not appear in China until the modern era. The lands of Medieval Spain were a leading soapmaker by 8. Kingdom of England about 1. Many of these soaps are still produced, both industrially and by small- scale artisans. Castile soap is a popular example of the vegetable- only soaps derived from the oldest . Industrially manufactured bar soaps first became available in the late 1. Europe and America promoted popular awareness of the relationship between cleanliness and health.

In 1. 78. 0 James Keir established a chemical works at Tipton, for the manufacture of alkali from the sulfates of potash and soda, to which he afterwards added a soap manufactory. The method of extraction proceeded on a discovery of Keir's. Stream Peacekeepers with english subtitles 2160p here. Andrew Pears started making a high- quality, transparent soap in 1. His son- in- law, Thomas J.

Barratt, opened a factory in Isleworth in 1. During the reign of Queen Anne (February 1. August 1. 71. 4) a soap tax was introduced in England, which meant that until the mid- 1. The soap manufacturing process was closely supervised by revenue officials who made sure that soapmakers' equipment was kept under lock and key when not being supervised. Moreover, soap could not be produced by small makers because of a law which stipulated that soap boilers must manufacture a minimum quantity of one imperial ton at each boiling, which placed the process beyond reach of the average person. The soap trade was boosted and deregulated when the tax was repealed in 1. Robert Spear Hudson began manufacturing a soap powder in 1.

American manufacturer Benjamin T. Babbitt introduced marketing innovations that included sale of bar soap and distribution of product samples. William Hesketh Lever and his brother, James, bought a small soap works in Warrington in 1. Lever Brothers and now called Unilever. These soap businesses were among the first to employ large- scale advertising campaigns. Liquid soap. Johnson developed a soap made of palm and olive oils; his company, the B.

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J. Johnson Soap Company, introduced . This new brand of soap became popular rapidly, and to such a degree that B.

J. Johnson Soap Company changed its name to Palmolive. Such products as Pine- Sol and Tide appeared on the market, making the process of cleaning things other than skin, such as clothing, floors, and bathrooms, much easier. Liquid soap also works better for more traditional or non- machine washing methods, such as using a washboard.

Smaller- scale production involves the traditional batch processes. Watch full movie Tag 8: Ruck Schluck with subtitles in 720p. The three variations are the cold process, wherein the reaction takes place substantially at room temperature; the semi- boiled or . There are several types of semi- boiled hot process methods, the most common being DBHP (Double Boiler Hot Process) and CPHP (Crock Pot Hot Process). The cold process and hot process (semi- boiled) are the simplest, and are typically used by small artisans and hobbyists producing handmade decorative soaps.

The glycerol remains in the soap and the reaction continues for many days after the soap is poured into molds. The glycerol is left during the hot- process method, but at the high temperature employed, the reaction is practically completed in the kettle, before the soap is poured into molds. This simple and quick process is employed in small factories all over the world.

Handmade soap from the cold process also differs from industrially made soap in that an excess of fat is used, beyond that needed to consume the alkali (in a cold- pour process, this excess fat is called . However, the glycerine also makes the soap softer and less resistant to becoming . Since it is better to add too much oil and have left- over fat, than to add too much lye and have left- over lye, soap produced from the hot process also contains left- over glycerol and its concomitant pros and cons.

Further addition of glycerol and processing of this soap produces glycerin soap. Superfatted soap is more skin- friendly than one without extra fat.

However, if too much fat is added, it can leave a . Sometimes, an emollient additive, such as jojoba oil or shea butter, is added . In the case of hot- process soap, an emollient may be added after the initial oils have saponified so they remain unreacted in the finished soap. Superfatting can also be accomplished through a process known as . The batch may also be kept warm for some time after mixing to ensure the alkali (hydroxide) is completely used up. This soap is safe to use after about 1.

Cold- process soapmaking requires exact measurements of lye and fat amounts and computing their ratio, using saponification charts to ensure the finished product does not contain any excess hydroxide or too much free unreacted fat. Saponification charts should also be used in hot processes, but are not necessary for the . Soapmakers considered the lye solution ready for use when an egg would float in it. Homemade lye making for this process was unpredictable and therefore eventually led to the isolation of sodium hydroxide by English chemist Sir Humphry Davy in the early 1.

A cold- process soapmaker first looks up the saponification value for each unique fat on an oil specification sheet. Oil specification sheets contain laboratory test results for each fat, including the precise saponification value of the fat. The saponification value for a specific fat varies by season and by specimen species.

The saponification value must be converted into an equivalent sodium hydroxide value for use in cold process soapmaking. Excess unreacted lye in the soap results in a very high p. H and can burn or irritate skin, whereas not enough lye leaves the soap greasy. Most soap makers formulate their recipes with a 2–5% deficit of lye, to account for the unknown deviation of saponification value between their oil batch and laboratory averages. The lye is dissolved in water.

Then, the oils are heated, or melted if they are solid at room temperature. Once the oils are liquefied and the lye is fully dissolved in water, they are combined. This lye- fat mixture is mixed until the two phases (oils and water) are fully emulsified. Emulsification is most easily identified visually when the soap exhibits some level of . Many modern- day amateur soapmakers often use a stick blender to speed up this process. Varying levels of trace can occur at each stage of the saponification process.

Depending on how additives affect trace, they may be added at light trace, medium trace, or heavy trace. After much stirring, the mixture turns to the consistency of a thin pudding.

Essential oils and fragrance oils can be added with the initial soaping oils, but solid additives such as botanicals, herbs, oatmeal, or other additives are most commonly added at light trace, just as the mixture starts to thicken. They typically do not require insulation, as the presence of sugar increases the speed of the reaction and thus the production of heat.) During this time, it is normal for the soap to go through a . At this time, it is safe to use the soap, since saponification is in essence complete.